tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82267913964298557262024-02-19T00:27:31.687-08:00Technical WritesEverything related to programming!Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-11179217286899089122014-10-31T06:10:00.001-07:002014-10-31T06:12:52.222-07:00The Notion of Time in Programming<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">n colloquial terms programs are the stories told to the machines. But somehow because a machine cannot understand exactly what we speak, we tend to stick to something which is understandable. In the process of telling a machine what needs to be carried out, we have also constrained ourselves with our expectations. <i><b>As we cannot hangout with a machine and tell what exactly to do, we just hang a few things out of context and say, doing this would still do!</b></i><br /><br />Up until now, when i used to hear the word time with programming, my mind wondered in the land of efficiency made up of some theorems, analysis and relations to find the time taken by the algorithm. And there's been quite a round of circus to improve time.<br /><br />Okay. Where else could time fit in?<i><b> "no where else"</b></i> would look like most appealing and legitimate answer. One important reason for the consideration being, the models we developed before we programmed also had least consideration for time. It was not in design model and hence it is not propagated to program.<br /><br />Time definitely needs to be associated with every step event in programming. In fact it can be also a method to prove the correctness of the program as well, which is usually ignored, though is heart of the program.<br /><br />In other understandable term, we don't say</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"x" made a transition to "y" with input "u"</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Instead we start saying,</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"x" made a transition to "y" with input "u" at time "t"</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Well, yes, it needs a thinking right from the bottom, to restructure the whole of what we did so far.</span></div>
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Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-52300505996502351002014-10-29T10:45:00.000-07:002014-10-29T10:46:27.509-07:00I ask for an “x” and<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
programmer’s dilemma?? Well, I would call it so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not that I am jumping to the conclusion
without reasoning.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Look
at the scenario. The problem was simple with a too simple solution. I wanted
the value of ‘x’ and I ask for an ‘x’. Either I get back the value of it or an
answer ‘unknown’. The scenario is not the same any more. Why is it not the
same?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Programmer
now needs to handle way more than expected number of conditions. We ask for an ‘x’
and we get back the value or no value, is the routine thinking. Now added to
that are few more things, which a programmers needs to exhaust while he obtains
the result. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
if you are asked to wait! The value is being computed and there is a delay. Or it’s
coming over the network and there is a delay. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is your code ready to wait? If yes, for how
long?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
if you get blocked? And result is never returned? Neither have you got an error
status nor an exception. The request is blocked and there is no permission. Are
you ready to throw a suitable message? And realize that you were blocked?</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
if you go dangling? And get a 404 error. What if the computation to get ‘x’ was
pushed somewhere else? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
if you have got the result with some disturbance? There could be a positive or
negative deviation in the result obtained. Will you ask a few more times and
take an average? If yes, how many times? Is there a threshold?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
challenges are many. A programmer has to become an exhaustive web programmer! Or
would there be a language which would inline the thinking towards the
direction? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-82638122140187856322014-10-04T07:47:00.006-07:002014-10-04T07:49:11.979-07:00JavaScript Animation Libraries - Quick Survey<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">[Image Reference: </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span class="_r3"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr">www.queness.com]</span></span></i></span><span class="_r3 irc_msc"><a class="_ZR irc_msl" data-ved="0CAkQhxw" href="http://www.google.co.in/search?imgurl=http://www.queness.com/resources/images/coolweb/4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.queness.com/post/9602/impressive-website-with-unusual-javascript-animation-effects&h=250&w=500&ndsp=13&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSWQn_1vByWphesKBpFCxCwjKcIGjwKOggCEhTHH-0Sox-qEYQOpgygH8ENvx_1JHxogmQvtHrc4Pala2JjkY-H9M7JNSy537nPft5JjZ03aM5wMIdlJBt6h6efs"><span class="irc_idim"></span></a></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JavaScript is so much powerful that everything can be animated with ease amongst
numerous available libraries. Being tried with a few libraries, here is a small survey. The list is never ending. There are 100's with specific properties. Here are a few which i have used!</span>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Collie</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Can
create highly optimized animations and games using HTML 5</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Collie
runs on both PC and mobile using HTML 5 canvas and DOM</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Optimized
for mobile application development</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Collie
can stably process multiple objects using rendering pipelines</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Supports
useful features including sprite animation and user events</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stably
supports iOS and Android, and renders with an optimized method for each
platform</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://jindo.dev.naver.com/collie/index.html#about" target="_blank">Collie</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Processsing</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makes
your data visualizations, digital art, interactive animations, educational
graphs, video games, etc</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adhers
to web standards and without any plug-ins</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We
can write code using the Processing language, include it in web page, and
Processing.js does the rest</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Processing.js
uses JavaScript to render 2D and 3D content on the HTML canvas element</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://processingjs.org/" target="_blank">Processing</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. TweenJS</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
TweenJS Javascript library provides a simple butpowerful tweening interface</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
supports tweening of both numeric object properties & CSS style properties,
and allows to chain tweens and actions together to create complex sequences</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tweenjs
requires a ticker function, which is included in EaselJS</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
we are not using EaselJS, we must build your own ticker function that calls
tick on the tweens.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://www.createjs.com/#!/TweenJS" target="_blank">TweenJS</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Animo</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Powerful
little tool for managing CSS animations</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
includes features like stack animations, create cross-browser blurring, set
callbacks on animation completion</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Limited
Functionalities</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://labs.bigroomstudios.com/libraries/animo-js" target="_blank">Animo</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. SVG</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Creates
interactive, resolution-independent vector graphics that will look great on any
size screen</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And
the Snap.svg JavaScript library makes working with SVG assets as easy as jQuery
makes working with the DOM</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Snap.svg
is designed for modern browsers and therefore supports the newest SVG features
like masking, clipping, patterns, full gradients, groups, and more</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://snapsvg.io/" target="_blank">SVG</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. jsAnim</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">jsAnim
is easy to include in websites and easy to animate with</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Popular
for its mushroom experiments</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Easy
to add mediocre animations to websites</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://jsanim.com/" target="_blank">jsAnim</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Favicon</span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To
add badges, images, or even video to your favicons</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Favico.js
makes it simple to add animated badges for your favicon</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Easy
creation of a favicon on the fly from an image, video, or even a live image from
visitor’s webcam</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://lab.ejci.net/favico.js/" target="_blank">Favicon</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9. Motio</span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Small
JavaScript library for simple but powerful sprite based animations and panning.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Motio
has no dependencies, but there is an optional Motio jQuery plugin version
available</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://darsa.in/motio/" target="_blank">Motio</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10. Headroom</span></b></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A lightweight, high-performance JS widget</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Allows to react to the user's scroll</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It slides out of view when scrolling down and slides back in when
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reach: <a href="http://wicky.nillia.ms/headroom.js/" target="_blank">Headroom</a></span><br />
<br />
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Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-88850980690687645882014-09-27T11:52:00.001-07:002014-10-01T09:16:06.930-07:00Programming with Invariants<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";"><b>Computation</b> is a
process of unfolding the given problem over time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the process of identifying if the
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">Algorithms play a
central role in both the science and practice of computing. They are sequence
of unambiguous instructions for solving a problem. Precisely, algorithm is
a logical, arithmetical or computational procedure that if correctly applied
ensures the solution of a problem. An algorithm has to be lucid, precise and
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<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The algorithms we
study concentrate on the space and time efficiency. Though we list several
desirable properties of an algorithm like simplicity, correctness, unambiguous
etc there is no formal method established to verify these properties. Primary
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</span></b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">1. <b>Understand</b> the problem.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">2. Write few <b>examples</b> to verify your
understanding.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">3. Write the <b>state space</b>. State space
is basically the domain of the problem. The type of data on which the
processing is about to happen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">4. Identify the <b>transition function</b> which
describes the various states the process can be in.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">5. Write down the <b>traces</b> to authenticate
the transition function</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">6. Identify the <b>invariant</b>. Invariant is
property that proves the correctness of the algorithm. It is that one property that
does not change in the algorithm. </span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">
</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">Example:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. Problem: </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Given a list, find the length of the
list. The task is to identify how many elements are present in the list.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. Examples:</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9l1uSOlwDErcIOiK9kSREYf3DVeni-hiUUpqZnvIZMBm_4HUGtP-q3BDjkzZ7_Q_j_ivkKOhq-PVdJB0qyDOwVawFbWvoL4qF_Cft3dKWbRj3G1vwXJWOKwrTgkIsJ4OsgJkJeUlM-o4/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9l1uSOlwDErcIOiK9kSREYf3DVeni-hiUUpqZnvIZMBm_4HUGtP-q3BDjkzZ7_Q_j_ivkKOhq-PVdJB0qyDOwVawFbWvoL4qF_Cft3dKWbRj3G1vwXJWOKwrTgkIsJ4OsgJkJeUlM-o4/s1600/1.png" height="73" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. State Space:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Input: List of integers</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Output: Natural number with is the length of the
list</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">List </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Candara; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Candara; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">--></span></span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Natural</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. Transition Function:</span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHv9eHdveJtGMqvM1Go_nr0Wimt01WjUjj0-zmx23XpZLSAtKRsrCLpKffgNjmdXrby7vjpcV7OSVJa1M05TjobWSc5dLVXr-W8IKvvAlwJdytc5sAC-F4ERVPpwmGhsaWQqsFFNhBJGI/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHv9eHdveJtGMqvM1Go_nr0Wimt01WjUjj0-zmx23XpZLSAtKRsrCLpKffgNjmdXrby7vjpcV7OSVJa1M05TjobWSc5dLVXr-W8IKvvAlwJdytc5sAC-F4ERVPpwmGhsaWQqsFFNhBJGI/s1600/2.png" height="71" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">5. Trace:</span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYFtWA-jlUpL61a0ZCBCeU9Nj79SOlPGe56Yqy2j5XslW57uOdd_SidIcX3Nb911TxKvWNtqehPhw8ySfdZtVQ_grUJZnQ_vz6f9dZ8X4KHMpSXNyba27NOfEj0Lal7mCW6JkHV5ssPA/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqYFtWA-jlUpL61a0ZCBCeU9Nj79SOlPGe56Yqy2j5XslW57uOdd_SidIcX3Nb911TxKvWNtqehPhw8ySfdZtVQ_grUJZnQ_vz6f9dZ8X4KHMpSXNyba27NOfEj0Lal7mCW6JkHV5ssPA/s1600/3.png" height="210" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">6. Invariant:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Observing the transition function and the trace we
can conclude that the invariant for the process is:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><b><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1 + list-length (n-1) </span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Reasoning being at any point of iteration, we can use the
invariant and find the length of the list! by the way, identifying a </span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">invariant is not an easy task. It comes by practice. I have just adapted the process into my coding routines!</span><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-74640985708097236952014-09-14T00:09:00.000-07:002014-09-14T00:11:34.528-07:00Why Suddenly The languages I Studied Look Bad!??<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTJ-bzVvsQbGEFdoBsPw-NMVKlQQHQAkoPk2ZoZoUHLsxFsBbCCmhSba8H6Tlzia0YczBABBrbo8vENjnKNVg3sVptUFJvVZCRy-MiCGt4WCoISBIkFSkKGrXuZePD-4kYpFTU-fxO74/s1600/Programming-languages.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTJ-bzVvsQbGEFdoBsPw-NMVKlQQHQAkoPk2ZoZoUHLsxFsBbCCmhSba8H6Tlzia0YczBABBrbo8vENjnKNVg3sVptUFJvVZCRy-MiCGt4WCoISBIkFSkKGrXuZePD-4kYpFTU-fxO74/s1600/Programming-languages.png" height="144" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Image Ref: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Programming_Languages)</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The decisive goal of each
programming language is to keep it effortless for the user and conceal the
complexity in the implementation. The intact notion of theory in computer
science verbalizes the abstraction by keeping it easy to the user. The theory
puts a demand that every perception needs a formal proof for acceptance.
Concept is goal driven to optimize it to the computer architecture. After
completion of my degree, when I have the bigger picture of what I have
acquired, I still have following questions unanswered.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The
Expression Notation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">We study about prefix
and postfix notations and its greater advantages. Why do not the programming
languages we use follow prefix/postfix evaluation of expressions? Why is not my
language a set of expressions formally proving my program is right?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The
Data Type</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">Data is information. User
should write the data leaving behind the type of storage to the system. But we don’t
do that! Instead we are also asked to communicate the type of data and hence defining
a data type. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, for the user there
should be only one data type. The “data” data-type. May be that’s why I can’t
return functions. Language would be so cool, if there was a provision to return
the functions as well as a result. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The
Definition of Data-Type</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The definition of the
data-type itself looks a faulty one. It’s not about how the data is stored in
memory. In the first case, why should I even worry about how the data fits in
the memory layout? It should be all about the operations which are possible on
the data. Data type should be more of algebra on the data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The
Address Operation</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">Why the user is made
aware of registers and pointer operations? Was it to cover up the limitations
of the language? Instead, should not the language implementation take care of all
the efficiency issues and not make it a concern to the user? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The
Idea of Programmable</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">We all speak of
domain specific languages today. Why is not my language customizable? It should
be as small as possible which can grow as large as possible. User bears in mind
very few details and grows the language in his own terms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Why there is a restriction that execution has
to begin with “main”? Why is writing an interpreter for my required domain so
complex? Is it that the limitations of a language are covered up by adding more
features than providing the abstraction?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Candara","sans-serif";">The list of questions
keeps growing like an ant trail. And that’s when you start falling in love with
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Functional programming.</b></span></span><br />
</div>
</div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-56169031626265221822014-08-19T08:11:00.001-07:002014-08-19T09:17:36.727-07:00The Software Productivity Paradox<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSAr-KQAkxHTvK7sKj-HyB1ui8WT65cMRhT_VP1Tmw_YS8sgFw6sklTcut5r5yaY2EKcGGNMPxybsaUSqNexecwObQO7l4ejU8Vc_dfQ_FDPOk-hqlFccjEqKZByhBpVouFJ98Wa-W4A/s1600/question-yikA5pBiE.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSAr-KQAkxHTvK7sKj-HyB1ui8WT65cMRhT_VP1Tmw_YS8sgFw6sklTcut5r5yaY2EKcGGNMPxybsaUSqNexecwObQO7l4ejU8Vc_dfQ_FDPOk-hqlFccjEqKZByhBpVouFJ98Wa-W4A/s1600/question-yikA5pBiE.jpeg" height="320" width="204" /></a></div>
<br />
Firstly my Acknowledgements to <b>Mr. Harold Thimblebly</b> for his
extra-ordinary book on <b>“Press On – Principles of Interaction Programming”</b> which
made me realize and put forward the following thoughts.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>We never realized!</b><br />
<b>---> </b>We never realized that the productivity from
technology did come with side effects. Look at this arresting instance. Earlier
people used to sit at customer care and handle the customer queries. Technology carved in and the process got
automated. Now we snoop to automated voice and elect to choose for the required
service. Look at the process in monetary terms. Earlier company used to pay for
person who used to sit at customer service. Now we pay for using the service and
listening to automated voice. Where is the benefit heading?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>---> </b>Though things have improved drastically, it still takes us same time
to edit a document. Why do most applications fail to reach the audience? Too many
features have only made the process slower. Some applications are in use, only
because we are mandated to use it or there is no enhanced one yet. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>---> </b>Yes, I get a product with multiple functionalities but what about the training
cost? A benefit somewhere is costing elsewhere. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We buy it to bank and invest on training without
the realization. The holistic view may not integrate in totality. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>---> </b>Software’s have created inter-dependencies. I need to use some product
only because my system does not support the format. The mandatory usage to one
makes his connected also to depend and bring into play the same. <i>The commons
are over grazed and everyone suffers at the end. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b>---> </b>At times, they come as a solution to a problem and thereby introduce
many other tribulations. Once when we are into the system, we get dependent and
drive the tradition. They come with a never ending manual documenting what
doesn’t work; as the limitation of the product and never say that they were the
shortcomings. We would have never purchased a washing machine if the vendor
told us he would deliver the components in installments.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Yes, technology choices make a huge difference. I don’t intend to run
a strike over <b>“software usage”</b>. All the <b>“world changing”</b> stuff seem like they
need a polishing. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we need are
better interactive systems. Oh yeah! We need better engineers!</div>
</div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com0Hyderabad, Telangana, India17.385044 78.48667116.9002155 77.841224 17.8698725 79.132118tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-82967924627574736552014-07-28T05:19:00.001-07:002014-07-28T05:32:42.381-07:00Kick Start to OpenSource<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiohM7fwmJ4Ul2hhBdOKrT9x4gY4lcDZhuU3NQHAN3Rkpw5pO4yyhreRs4YYee3istWcexmZFqvRkwWZgUbO8NNxsDPUgyCwTJa4r0yeSndDHyH_KLBA3E_MFDX43RGoYHHnCW-n3ZlIys/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiohM7fwmJ4Ul2hhBdOKrT9x4gY4lcDZhuU3NQHAN3Rkpw5pO4yyhreRs4YYee3istWcexmZFqvRkwWZgUbO8NNxsDPUgyCwTJa4r0yeSndDHyH_KLBA3E_MFDX43RGoYHHnCW-n3ZlIys/s1600/images.jpeg" height="87" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>(Image Reference:assoc.drupal.org)</i></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Following article gives you on how you can introduce yourself to open-source environment. </b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b> </b></span></span> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The first mandatory requirement is to get a open-source Operating system installed on your machine. Or alternatively, find a problem and set up an suitable environment to deploy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Firstly, all open source contributors share their code. Where and How?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The famous open-source repositories where you can find open-source projects are: SourceForge and GitHub. 1000's of code repo are available from distinct domains. You can download, install, run and add an improvement.<br />Follow the links:</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">SourceForge</a> and <a href="https://github.com/explore" target="_blank">GitHub</a><br /> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You can go to a specific project and download all available resource. Most of the codes also have manual on how to run them and required environment set up. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Example: <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/project03b/" target="_blank">New Command for Xen Scheduler</a><br />And there are some really interesting applications having thousand of weekly downloads. That should give a good kick start. Remember, you will have to be the one to explore the requirements. Open-source comes with less documentation, more challenges and hyper learning. You should be ready to explore the environment and really understand how system around us works.<br /><br />There are numerous ways you can contribute to the open-source community. It could be a patch, code, documentation, theme design, art work etc. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Find out more details from <a href="http://www.wikihow.com/Contribute-to-Open-Source" target="_blank">"Wiki How"</a> .</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">There are numerous open source tools available. Can you build your own new API or a tool? <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" target="_blank">Here</a> is a exhaustive list of more than required number of tools.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">However, to be more specific, your problems should look like:</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I want to translate Notepad++ to Kannada and and i got the source <a href="http://notepad-plus-plus.org/contribute/binary-translation-howto.html" target="_blank">Here</a>. Am planning to contribute something to programming language "go" from google. Like report a bug or resolve an issue etc. and <a href="http://golang.org/" target="_blank">Here </a>is where i found the documentation. I want to build my own new mathematical equation editor and <a href="http://mathcast.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">Here</a> is my reference.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Well, Enjoy Coding! </span></span></div>
</div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-69551551350790112022014-07-27T11:28:00.002-07:002014-07-27T11:35:42.973-07:00Cloud Services - Are They Coming With A Silver Lining?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><i>“software : from pay-use to pay-for-use ” - Prakash B. Hegade</i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Introduction</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Software and the line of lane</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">During
the 1960s software started getting separated from hardware <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[1]</b>. Until then there was no such distinction between hardware and
software. It was Von Neuman architecture of memory, which Von Neuman learned
accidently by American Army’s ENIAC project led to the birth of software. It gave
a new option of programming solutions through software. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It was necessary to give opportunities to software service
companies and vendors to develop and market the same product to many users in
various fields. The IBM System 360 family of computers which came with the
concept of a compatible family opened up an account for this at the beginning
of 1964. Furthermore IBM separated the sale of hardware and software from 1969
enabling software developers to develop software compatible with IBM products. The
advent of the minicomputer industry made it possible for smaller organizations
to purchase their own computers, which needed very different software to run on
them. These were the major events which led to the reorganization of the computer
hardware and software industries. And it was during this time of 1970s with the
development of computer technology and diverse applications, many software
service firms started to gain prominence.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">With time the process of software being built started to
evolve and improve. Software development started to follow a process. The first
conference of software engineering was organized in 1968 by NATO science
committee <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[2]</b>. The goal of this
conference was “the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in
order to obtain reliable, efficient and economically viable software”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means there was necessity of proper
techniques to build reliable, efficient and economically feasible
software.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1970 Royce proposed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">water-fall life cycle</i> process for
development of software which was inspired by established engineering
principles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The model had separation of
phases of software development activity which was too strict and inflexible. In
later seventies came better evolutionary model <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">change mini-cycle</i>. Also Manny Lehman started to formulate, his now
famous laws of software evolution.</span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It was in nineties software evolution gained acceptance and
became popular. This led to many other process models<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G1]</b> like evolutionary development, staged model, spiral model etc.
And today many other crucial activities like testing, impact analysis, cost
estimation, software quality, software configuration management, software
measurement, re-engineering have become part of software development activity.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Software, As Classified Today</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Today’s dictionary defines software
as the “programs used to direct the operation of a computer, as well as
documentation giving instructions on how to use them and anything that is not
hardware but is used with hardware”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Amy
Nutt of Articlebase says today </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">the term 'computer software' means written
programs, rules, or codes, along with related documentation regarding the
operation of a computer system that is stored in read/write memory</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">”</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Software directs the
operation and tells the computer what to do. They can be broadly classified
into two categories: system software<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G2]</b>
and application software<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G3]</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> The following sections talk about
business software like reports, invoice; collaboration software like documents,
mails; software used in companies or organizations to develop applications etc.
or to say in short; about application software rather than system software.</span></span></div>
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</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Software as a Service</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As
explained in Salesforce.com the traditional way in which application is being
deployed into company undergoes a time consuming process. The application is
first being installed. It is then configured as per the company requirements
and environment. The configured application is tested to check if it runs as
expected. It is secured and then put into use. Then it undergoes the periodic
updations. This process happens for every application that needs to be deployed,
provided company has required hardware and software.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Above mentioned is not the only way to get application
software running. Salesforce.com, Software as a Service company that
distributes business software on subscription basis says open the browser, log
in, customize the application which we provide according to need and start
using it. At the end of the day, pay for what you have used. No need to manage
any hardware or software or no need to worry about any upgrades. And most
importantly the resources can be scaled up and down very easily.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">And this new way of using applications is what defined as
“cloud computing.” Just like electricity, telephone or water service where we
get a bill of usage periodically, the same happens with the software
application that we want to use. Gallaugher says “when folks talk about cloud
computing they’re really talking about replacing computing resources—either an
organization’s or an individual’s hardware or software—with <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">services</span> provided over the internet”.
He also adds “the name actually comes from the popular industry convention of
drawing the internet or other computer network as a big cloud”. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cloud resembles the good old main frame systems where all the
processing used to happen on mainframes and delivered to dumb terminals. Even
in cloud there is a work load shift from user’s local machine to cloud that is
hosting the application. The networks of computers which form the cloud take
away the processing from local machine. The following section explains the
evolution of cloud.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How new is this concept of cloud?</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“The interesting thing about Cloud Computing is that
we’ve redefined Cloud Computing to include everything that we already do. . . .
I don’t understand what we would do differently in the light of Cloud computing
other than change the wording of some of our ads.”</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larry
Ellison, quoted in the Wall Street Journal, September 26, 2008</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As
described by many, cloud is just a new term but not new as a concept. According
to Vouk (2008:235-246) cloud computing builds upon decades of research in
distributed computing<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G4]</b>, grid
computing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G5]</b>, utility computing <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G6]</b>, and more recently, networking, web
and software services. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Armbrust, Fox, et. al (2009) explain the different related
terminologies of cloud. According to them cloud covers to both application
delivered as services over internet and the software that provide these
services. The services from past long time have been referred to as Software as
a Service (SaaS). The software in the data centre is part of what we call as a
cloud. If the cloud is made available for ‘pay as you use’ to general public,
it is a Public Cloud. The service that is being sold is the Utility
Computing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The internal datacenter of a
business which is not made available to public is termed as Private Cloud. So
cloud computing includes Software as a Service and Utility Computing but does
not include Private clouds. The advantage of cloud is that it gives application
providers the choice of deploying their product as SaaS and scaling on demand
without building or provisioning a data center<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G7].</b> The way SaaS allows the user to offload some problems to the
SaaS provider; the SaaS provider can now offload some of his problems to the
cloud computing provider.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How did the cloud form?</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
first to give prominence to the term cloud computing (and maybe to coin it) was
Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt, in late 2006 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[3]</b>.
The term refers to an important and long term trend: computing over the
Internet. It all started with cluster based computing paradigm. The evolution
of cluster computing is grid computing. The main difference between both is the
way geographically distributed computational resources are managed. Grid
offered better productivity and security, better Quality of service and optimal
system throughput. It also offered new and highly innovative services to the
customer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The large computing and storage capacity offered by grid
technology led to development of another service category which included
services like web-mail, web-office, images and videos in web etc, which came be
known as cloud services. Subsequently the cloud computing paradigm was defined
as a hybrid model of exploiting the resources provided by computer networks. So
cloud is natural evolution of grid computing which conceived to satisfy the new
demands of users who wanted to move much of their data onto the web. Both grid
and cloud maintain the key concepts of distributed computing paradigm. In this
transition towards cloud computing new kind of IT services were created for all
kinds of applications. One of the main categories happened to be Software as a
Service!</span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">2. Software
Trend Today and Cloud Services</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Customers today expect cheaper software</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to David and Clemens (2003: 04, 49) software is about people. Software is
really an expression of the behavior defined by a programmer in much the same
way that a novel is the expression of plot and emotion. And an important issue
with software is that what value it offers to the customers. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">With time the requirements from the software with respect to a
user has evolved. “The Consumer Software Buying Trends August 2010” by Elastic
Path Research Inc. a survey conducted in U.S. reports that most customers opt
for free or cheaply priced software. It reports </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">three out of four
(desktop/laptop) software consumers spent less than $100 on software last year,
and 22% opted for free or open source software choices. Only a minority (11%)
of software consumers spent more than $200. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cheap software is result of standardization. According to
Carr (2004: 35-40) during 1990s there was a huge demand for low cost software
solutions. Low cost intends the software solutions which are cheaper to buy,
cheaper to upgrade and cheaper to maintain. This in turn resulted in increasing
pressure to standardize. Eventually, as the technology continued to advance,
the performance of the cheaper versions came to satisfy the needs of most
customers, and the basis of competition shifted from specification to prices. As
was rightly said by Michael Dell, founder and CEO of Dell that “In the long run
all technology tends toward low-cost standard”, it has turned out to be very
much true. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Another aspect of Elastic Path Research is free/open source
software<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">[G8]</b>. Open source software is
available today which are of low cost and have no license fees and they also
come with open standards so that they can easily work or integrate with other
systems. The findings of Forrester Research by Jeffery Hammond in his “Open Source
Software Goes Mainstream,” says from a list of 16 items asked of 2,000 software
decision makers for 2009, the use of open-source software has risen to the top.
These decision makers are looking for anything, especially in this economy,
that can help them “go faster, cheaper, better”. Open source software stands as
a low cost alternative for the companies moving from <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">proprietary solutions to open source software solutions.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">By all above analysis it is clear that today customers expect
low cost or open source software. According to Web 2.0 journal which has listed
out 6 benefits from cloud computing, the first one happens to be that cloud gives
“reduced cost”. Cloud service is paid incrementally, saving organizations
money.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Reduced cost from cloud</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whenever
we purchase software, it also requires purchase of software licenses. And it is
not always the case that one license allows usage of application for more than
one user. The company or the user may not have enough finance to support all
software facilities that is needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is risky to buy all the needed resources to run an application when we are not
sure if it is the right product needed. Startups may not have enough finance to
support with the resources. At all such times using a cloud service could be
one possible solution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">We have already talked about open source
or free source where user need not pay for software of license. They do come
with other disadvantages. According to </span><span class="author">Murrain </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(2008) we should
not only consider the purchase cost, but also the full cost of using that
application over time. Low cost packages can come with setup woes, training
costs and processes that just don’t fit the organization. Other than purchase
cost, the cost of evaluating software includes many other things like the time
spent looking at the application and trying it out to make sure it works for
organization i.e. does it come with proper documentation? How much are we
paying to get the software? How much does downloading and installation cost?
Does it need any new hardware? How much time will customization of software
will take in the organization? What is the training time? What is the support
cost? What is the maintenance cost? Is the software buggy or not meeting the
needs? What of that software goes out of business? Etc. we have such other
questions to be answered. Clearly cloud users will not have to face any such
situations. Paying for what you use is a better option rather than having cheap
or open source software and incurring all above charges.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Consider the startups, researches by the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics shows that nearly six in ten businesses shut down within the first
four years of operation. As listed by squidoo.com one of the top reasons is
running out of cash. To reduce the expense on the resources one possible
solution is using the cloud resources. Start ups can reduce the expense by not
buying the required software but instead using some available cloud service.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cloud offers a cost reduced way of running an application
along with the provision of easy scaling up or down of the resources. As
pointed out by Vaquero, Rodero-Merino, Caceres and Lindner (2009) it shifts the
location of the infrastructure to the network to reduce the costs associated
with the management of software resources. It provides us an alternative to
locally running the applications. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cloud enables innovation</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
is another advantage which falls under benefits listed out by web 2.0 journal.
Cloud users </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">no longer have to worry about constant updates and other
computing issues. They can concentrate on innovation. According to </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aymerich, Fenu and Surcis (2008)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">cloud computing infrastructure
accelerates and fosters the adoption of innovations. It alleviates the need of
innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their innovations
available to the user community. Innovators are free to focus on the innovation
rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources that enable innovation<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Employees today want to access information from
wherever they are</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Users
of online software applications are growing. Users prefer online applications
because they can access information from wherever they are. They need not carry
the data along in drives when moving between computers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Kwik of web 2.0 journal (2008) 56% of computer
users access to services like web-based email, nearly 40% of computer users store
personal photos or videos online. And nearly 30% use online application
software, like Google Documents. It is easier to share and collaborate when
data is on-line. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cloud gives Mobility</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As
said by Kwik, the usage of online application software is nothing but cloud
computing. The user may not be aware of the term cloud computing, but they are constantly
using it. The data documents, email messages, photographs, applications like word
processing and spreadsheets etc which are stored in cyberspace and not on an
individual’s computer are all making use of cloud services.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">As explained by Aymerich, Fenu and Surcis (2008)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">storing data in the cloud has some
distinct advantages over client-based access. The traditional software
applications cannot give the processing power as that when compared to cloud. For
instance, users can instantly search over GBs of e-mail online, which is
practically impossible to do on a desktop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vinter (2009) says cloud computing opens new opportunities
for greater collaboration and accessibility, especially among small businesses.
Online software applications help people work more productively together and
share information in ways that haven’t been previously possible. Team members
being at different locations can chat in a same spreadsheet at the same time.
Cloud is transforming how business operates. He also adds with the help of
cloud computing businesses are discovering new ways to become more agile,
flexible, competitive, and innovative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Consider for example zoho.com, which provides cloud service
and claims to have 3 million users at a time. It provides collaboration
applications like chats, docs, discussions, mails, meetings, share, wiki etc.
Business applications like assist, business, invoice, reports, recruit etc.
Productivity applications like calendar, notebook, sheet, planner etc. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
Challenges, Platform and Predictions of Cloud service</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cloud services do come with drawbacks. The following
section describes some of the major issues related to cloud services. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">National
Data Protectionism and Application security</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According
to Thomas (2009:37-41) for social and economic reasons national governments
around the world are increasingly concerned about hosting of national data
outside or their boundaries. Making use of cloud resources is definitely not
their solution. With respect to applications security, beyond authorization is
the responsibility of the application and this has always been an area where
application developers need help and support. Client side security is improving
but remains a challenge largely due to the state of browsers. Applications need
to ensure that critical security is performed outside the browser. However
these issues have been dealt by the cloud owners. IBM research published some
work to address this concern. Force.com has demonstrated that using SSL and
other best practices they can meet the needs of major enterprises. And many
other more companies are tackling with the security issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Availability and support</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kim
(2009: 65-72) explains about availability issues of cloud. He starts with
quoting the examples of the Amazon S3 which suffered two outages in 2008 (2
hours in February and 8 hours in August). Google Gmail was unavailable for 2
hours twice in August. Citrix's GoToMeeting and GoToWebinar were out for a
while. RIM's BlackBerry service was out for 18 hours. Even though these outages
received wide coverage, availability of cloud is rather high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Besides having service level agreement users
for 100 percent availability can keep an on-premise version of the application,
so that they can work offline while cloud is down. It is also necessary for
user to select the viable vendors as he may become unable to deliver the service
or go out of business. Users also need support for problem resolution. Users
may not get adequate support as they are accustomed to with on-premise
computing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Difficulty
in application Integration and limited application pattern, model and framework</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Forrester report says integration of cloud apps will
also be difficult and expensive. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cloud applications will have to be integrated with other
applications, user interfaces, services, and databases and is expensive. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Application pattern, model and framework<b>[G9]</b>
options will be limited. </span>The very standardization that gives cloud
computing its economies of scale may limit how much one can customize applications
to meet particular needs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Cloud platforms</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Today
there are many cloud service providers. Many of them also initially offer free
service for some definite time period. Buyya, Yeo, Venugopal, Broberg, Brandi
(2008) discuss about some of the emerging cloud platforms. Amazon Elastic
Compute Cloud (EC2) provides a virtual computing environment that enables a
user to run Linux-based applications. Amazon, which is considered as poster
child and pioneer of cloud computing services by Goia (2008), is also up with
many other clouds offering different kinds of services. Google App Engine
allows a user to run web applications written using the Python programming
language. Microsoft Azure aims to provide an integrated development, hosting,
and control Cloud computing environment so that software developers can easily
create, host, manage, and scale both Web and non-web applications through
Microsoft data centers. Sun network.com (Sun Grid) enables the user to run
Solaris OS, Java, C, C++, and FORTRAN based applications. Joyent provides cloud
computing infrastructure and services to Web 2.0 developers and Fortune 500 companies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Cloud Predictions</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There
are many positive predictions made by experts regarding influence of cloud
services for near future. A September 2009 study published by Aberdeen Group
revealed top performing companies that have adopted cloud computing have
reduced IT costs 18% and data center power consumption by 16%. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gartner
Inc. predicts that by 2012, 80 percent of Fortune 1000 enterprises will pay for
some cloud-computing service, while 30 percent of them will pay for
cloud-computing infrastructure. Gartner report also says </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Cloud
computing will become so pervasive that by 2012, one out of five businesses
will own no IT assets at all</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. According to Renub Research Worldwide Cloud Computing market is growing
at a rapid rate and it is expected to cross US$ 25 Billion by the end of 2013. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">A survey
released in March from Sand Hill Group, which provides investment and
management advice to companies in the enterprise software, services and
solutions market, found that, while 70% of companies it polled spend only 3% of
their IT budgets on the cloud, by 2013, 80% will spend between 7% and 30%. All
these predictions show a positive way ahead for cloud services.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">4.
Conclusion</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Software need not only be purchased and used; it can
also be used like yet another service. User will have to pay only for what he
uses. The new trend in usage of software as a service provides many benefits to
the users like easy provisioning of resources, easy sharing of data, access
from anywhere etc. Along with the benefits it also comes with challenges like
security of data, availability and support, integration problems, etc. The
managers of companies or users can now take all these issues into consideration
and evaluate if the new software to the company has to be bought or rented. It
is also a major evolution in the way software is being delivered. Software
developers will also have to think the new environment in which software is
going to be deployed; i.e. in cloud. There are various cloud platforms from
Amazon, Google, SalesForce etc who provide almost every kind of application
software services like business, productivity, collaboration etc. Though there
are positive future predictions for growth of cloud services and applications
being used as a service, it’s only left to time to wait and see what is awaited
in near future.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Appendix</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">(The
definitions are taken from web where sources are mentioned at the end of the
document)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Glossary of
terms:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G1] Process model</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is an iterative, milestone-based
approach to the development process. The way in which activities in a systems
development life cycle are sequenced, and the time and formality committed to
each life-cycle stage. It is the combination of clearly defined life cycle
model, project team roles, delivery milestones, and solution development
principles.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G2] System software</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is the controller of a computer.
They help in running the computer hardware and manage the resources of a
computer system. Its main purpose is to keep internal details of the system
away from the programmer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The main tasks
include controlling the execution of program, perform memory management,
processing the resources, provide routine services through libraries, assist in
development of applications etc. Operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic
tools, servers, utilities etc are few examples to name a few.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G3] Application software</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is a user written program to do a
specific task. They automate the applications, be it the general applications
like spreadsheets, word documents etc which can be used for various purposes or
specific applications like industrial software, educational, bank systems etc
which get customized according to the needs. The system software controls the
execution of the application software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G4] Distributed computing</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> in general is any computing that
involves multiple computers remote from each other that each have a role in a
computation problem or information processing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G5]</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Grid
computing</b> (or the use of a <i>computational grid</i>) is applying the
resources of many computers in a network to a single problem at the same time -
usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of
computer processing cycles or access to large amounts of data.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G6] Utility computing</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is a service provisioning model in
which a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure
management available to the customer as needed, and charges them for specific
usage rather than a flat rate. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G7] Data center</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is computer facility designed for
continuous use by several users, and well equipped with <a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/hardware.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hardware</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/software.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">software</span></a>,
peripherals, power conditioning and <a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/backup.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">backup</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/communication.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">communication</span></a>
<a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/equipment.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">equipment</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/security.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">security</span></a>
<a href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">systems</span></a>,
etc.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G8]
Free and open-source software</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is freely downloadable, has no cost to purchase, and you
have freedom to alter, copy, and redistribute the software to others. <b>Freeware</b>
is also freely downloadable, but it's owned by a company or individual and you
can't alter, copy, or redistribute it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">[G9] Framework</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> is a real or conceptual structure
intended to serve as a support or guide for the building of something that
expands the structure into something useful. In computer systems, a framework
is often a layered structure indicating what kind of programs can or should be
built and how they would interrelate.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vernon W. Ruttan. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Technology, Growth, and Development: An
Induced Innovation Perspective.</i> New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Langlois, R.N., and
D.C. Mowery. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The International Computer
Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure</i>,
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">David G. Messerschmitt
and Clemens Szyperski. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Software
Ecosystem: Understanding an Indispensible Technology and Industry.</i>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tom Mens and Serge
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jeffery S Hammond. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Open Source Software Goes Mainstream:
Convert Your Cost-Cutting Crisis Into AN OSS Opportunity.</i> Forrester
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">John Gallaugher. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/information-systems-managers-g/154689"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Information
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Luis M. Vaquero, Luis
Rodero-Merino , Juan Caceres, Maik Lindner. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud
Definition</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. ACM SIGCOMM Computer
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1, January 2009.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Francesco Maria
Aymerich, Gianni Fenu, Simone Surcis. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">An Approach to a Cloud Computing Network</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. IEEE. 2008.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dave Thomas. Cloud <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Computing – Benefits and Challenges!</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Journal
of Object Technology</span>, vol. 8 no. 3. pp. 37-41. May - June 2009.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Won Kim. Cloud <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Computing – Today and Tomorrow</i>. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Journal of Object Technology,</span> vol. 8, no. 1. pp. 65-72.
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mladen A. Vouk. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cloud
Computing – Issues, Research and Implementations</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Journal of Computing and Information
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Michael Armbrust,
Armando Fox, Rean Griffith, Anthony D. Joseph, Randy Katz, Andy Konwinski,
Gunho Lee, David Patterson, Ariel Rabkin, Ion Stoica, and Matei Zaharia. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud
Computing</i>. UC Berkeley Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems Laboratory.
February 2009.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rajkumar Buyya, Chee
Shin Yeo, Srikumar Venugopal, James Broberg, Ivona Brandi. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms: Vision, hype, and reality
for delivering computing as the 5th utility</i>. ScienceDirect : Future
Generation Computer Systems. 2008.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Luis M. Vaquero, Luis
Rodero-Merino , Juan Caceres, Maik Lindner. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud
Definition</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review Volume 39, Number 1, January 2009.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cloud news desk. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">6 Benefits of Cloud Computing</i>. Web 2.0 Journals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><http://web2.sys-con.com/node/640237>.
3 November 2008. </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dictionary.com Unabridged.
<http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/software>. Random House, Inc.
2010. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ivertech. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Open Source Software vs.
Proprietary Software.</span></i></span></div>
<table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 3.7pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-top: middle; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><http://software.ivertech.com/_ivertechArticle13894_OpenSourceSoftwarevsProprietarySoftware.htm
>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SQUIDOO. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The top 10 reasons
startups fail</i>. <http://www.squidoo.com/starup_failures>. 2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amy Nutt. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What is the definition of the computer
software?</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><http://www.articlesbase.com/computers-articles/what-is-the-definition-of-computer-software-1044723.html>.
17 July 2009. </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Michelle Murrain. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The
True Costs of Free and Low-Cost Software: Is that bargain really a bargain?</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><</span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">http://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/software/page7940.cfm>.
15 </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">January 2008. </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Phillip</span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kwik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Rise and Rise of Cloud
Computing: The Majority of Computer Users Now Store Data On-line</i>. <</span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://web2.sys-con.com/node/674482>.
13 September 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Steve Vinter. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The 'cloud' improves collaboration, saves
costs.</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><http://www.masshightech.com/stories/2009/01/19/editorial2-The-cloud-improves-collaboration-saves-costs.html>.
23 January 2009.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">ZOHO.com. <http://www.zoho.com/#>.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stephen E. Arnold. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Who Has the Industry Lead in Cloud Computing?</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><http://web2.sys-con.com/node/725295>. 17
November 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Last
visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">David Linthicum. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Provocative
predictions for cloud computing: How realistic?</span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><http://www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/provocative-predictions-cloud-computing-how-realistic-954>.
19 January 2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fredric Paul. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Forrester Asks: Why NOT Run In The Cloud?</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><http://www.informationweek.com/news/smb/hardware_software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=219401499>.
26 August 2009.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Last
visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hovhannes Avoyan. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stats Show Improving Numbers for Cloud
Services.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/node/1344674>.
6 April 2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Last
visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mircea Goia. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cloud computing, Grid computing, Utility computing - list of top
providers.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><http://www.mytestbox.com/miscellaneous/cloud-computing-grid-computing-utility-computing-list-top-providers/>.
22 September 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Last visited
on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Appendix References:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Career Gears. < http://www.careergears.com/what-is-system-software-and-application-software/>.
2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol;">Babylon </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Online Dictionary. < http://dictionary.babylon.com/process_model/>.
2009.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Last visited on: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Whatis?com.
<http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci760724,00.html>. 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Last visited on : </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Whatis?com.
<</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/grid-computing >.
2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Last visited on : </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">searchDataCenter.
<</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/utility-computing >.
2010.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Last visited on : </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BusinessDictionary.
<</span> http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data-center.html<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> >. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Last visited on : </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Whatis?com.
<</span> http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci1103696,00.html<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">>. 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Last visited on : </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">July 2014</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";">[1]</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";"> The following paragraphs are
summarized from Ruttan (2001: 338-340)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";">[2]</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";"> The following paragraphs are
summarized from Mens, Demeyer (2008: 3-5)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";">
</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";">[3]</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic";"> The following paragraphs are
summarized from </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Aymerich</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Fenu, Surcis (2008</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></i></i></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i></div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8226791396429855726.post-22731450238778058792014-07-26T10:32:00.000-07:002014-07-26T11:48:35.903-07:00Bird Eye View of Programming Languages - Then and Now<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">You start browsing over the classification and evolution of programming languages and <i>.....wait!</i></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3629svV9n24FYLN8ZE2M-B2f4G4-iZZxODSPaftB1nu-z8yZCmT69my1khUb79pljgZoeRdzE_F-iHdRKPyfpq0s_RiWlHvLwDSnVywJzS1_Axat2xnY0sD3F60XmPben9z4v9vUfg7k/s1600/progLanguages.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3629svV9n24FYLN8ZE2M-B2f4G4-iZZxODSPaftB1nu-z8yZCmT69my1khUb79pljgZoeRdzE_F-iHdRKPyfpq0s_RiWlHvLwDSnVywJzS1_Axat2xnY0sD3F60XmPben9z4v9vUfg7k/s1600/progLanguages.jpg" height="204" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Fig 0: The Various Programming Languages (Image Reference: www.techgyd.com )</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">There
is so much to take in! How do I perceive them all? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Here is what I did. Read
them all, looked upon the time line and put them in buckets and arranged them
in order. Though the order is not perfectly in flow, matches the most. However,
the programming languages have greatly changed over time and classification has
found versatile differentiation. The progress is so rapid that this article may
need several updates in near 05 years. However this article gives the bird eye
view and explains how we can put them all together.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qEtdWiA6pUhJZ8DBVRPk7Jbzkibd3v1Z7BxEOCmJRzRSq-eR8_VVHbqZWA2m8Fqg4ySCDLzQZYgsDar514_u7aQ8Zc1aoeu_FtVcNXBp7siUFxBSVh7n4ebIg14ODbMrE8pG4SxnxT8/s1600/Screenshot.2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qEtdWiA6pUhJZ8DBVRPk7Jbzkibd3v1Z7BxEOCmJRzRSq-eR8_VVHbqZWA2m8Fqg4ySCDLzQZYgsDar514_u7aQ8Zc1aoeu_FtVcNXBp7siUFxBSVh7n4ebIg14ODbMrE8pG4SxnxT8/s1600/Screenshot.2.png" height="300" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Fig 1: Bird Eye View</i></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">It
all begins with Von Neumann architecture consisting of ALU, memory,
input, output and the initiation of programming. Programming began in
1940's. The classification began with machine, assembly and higher level
languages.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The Birth Era</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2VHBJeLoLqMLohDkj9kgufGiHRax5NbXItjlDPn2OIJOmwzd-_MxHBcsRAr8kysllIhgZPtAfhp_Q8thOob1EoIzExxcXpelisXk5l2exAo6J2iLzX-Jr7Fq88cW9T6KoXqjpCKs1Lk/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2VHBJeLoLqMLohDkj9kgufGiHRax5NbXItjlDPn2OIJOmwzd-_MxHBcsRAr8kysllIhgZPtAfhp_Q8thOob1EoIzExxcXpelisXk5l2exAo6J2iLzX-Jr7Fq88cW9T6KoXqjpCKs1Lk/s1600/1.jpg" height="221" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Fig 2: Birth Era (Image Reference: www.teach-ict.com )</i></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">It was the beginning of programming and classification looked:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Machine Level Languages</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> Assembly Level Languages</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> High Level Languages</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />A <b>machine level language</b> is a binary program which a machine understands. Definitely not human friendly. We dont use it anymore. Why would some one remember and code in 0's and 1's?<br /><br /><b>Assembly level language</b> is a low level programming language. An assembly instruction consists of an op-code mnemonic along with a list of data, arguments or parameters. There is a very strong correspondence between the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. <br /><br />To make programming more user friendly came <b>Higher level languages</b>. They are programming languages with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. Makes the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable relative to a lower-level language. Its all we are used to now.<br /><br /><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Compiler Era</b><br /><br /> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOZW74kaOsgB1BkqOfTdOJ48CxN61nwvVx7zkxi27zteg0V9XSnYvQJ_Ep4vNClTmUdcSY83WZTl8VXSjklQUaYq_Iy7B7G19Ea4iw2H4SaANyNNd2MK5vDz4TdYxBChKwoijY_iljxjQ/s1600/software-language-stack.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOZW74kaOsgB1BkqOfTdOJ48CxN61nwvVx7zkxi27zteg0V9XSnYvQJ_Ep4vNClTmUdcSY83WZTl8VXSjklQUaYq_Iy7B7G19Ea4iw2H4SaANyNNd2MK5vDz4TdYxBChKwoijY_iljxjQ/s1600/software-language-stack.jpg" height="183" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Fig 3: Compiler Era (Image Reference: wed.stanford.edu )</i></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Next improvement happened over models of execution in around 1950's for the higher level languages. We hence have classification as interpreted, compiled and translated languages.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Interpreted languages</b> are read and then executed directly, with no compilation stage.<br /><br /><b>Compiled languages </b>are transformed into an executable form before running. Either they get converted to machine code or intermediate representation which may be further optimized.<br /><br /><b>Translated or Trans-compiled languages</b> are those where a language may be translated into a lower-level programming language for which native code compilers are already widely available.<br /><br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>The Paradigm Era</b><br /> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49vcvIR-pgO71ftAbBhNoQC3MzZRmRsa6PWHqlO4ryYMRIBMuExzjQO75z4QgIw90jbBK7fk9aMiQlrfyNK0VQZOm9tsiw2wfY4cgJNsNPPknAYVjfBbOFnUW5obMDC95OUJ57x5mWzI/s1600/pera.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj49vcvIR-pgO71ftAbBhNoQC3MzZRmRsa6PWHqlO4ryYMRIBMuExzjQO75z4QgIw90jbBK7fk9aMiQlrfyNK0VQZOm9tsiw2wfY4cgJNsNPPknAYVjfBbOFnUW5obMDC95OUJ57x5mWzI/s1600/pera.jpg" height="142" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="irc_dsh"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Fig 4: Paradigm Era (Image Reference: msritse2012.wordpress.com )</i></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">With advancements in programming came paradigm era in 1970's. There are four major classifications: Imperative, Functional, Logical and Object oriented. It is because we wanted to structure our program and pick the best suited for environment.<br /><br /><b>Imperative</b> observes incremental change of the program state as a function of time. Execution of computational steps are in an order governed by control structures. It is nothing but procedural programming. <b>Ex: Fortran, Algol, Pascal, Basic, C etc.</b><br /><br /><b>Functional</b> originates from mathematics. It is formal way of expressing a language. Here time plays a minor role. Evaluation and using the resulting value is a highlighted concern. <b>Ex: Haskel, Scheme etc.</b><br /><br /><b>Logical </b>refers to languages built on axioms, inference rules, queries or more aptly artificial intelligence. <b>Ex: Prolog, Datalog etc</b>.<br /><br />Yet another paradigm is <b>Object</b> oriented. It models the human interaction with real world phenomenon. It employs the concept of objects to send messages between objects to simulate the temporal evolution of a set of real world phenomena. <b>Ex: C++, Java etc.</b><br /><br /> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>Productivity Era</b><br /><br /> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw8jY3dcOcyuoITKV3kkMSM8_0FViwwWBVFHBM3ceZwM3XiWjZI7Ctb7tPppdqUvmjZ7dEY-TdktFkiGhCPjXGzr-wClb6z4Q0LNKeypZHz3Ato9w7PmMKob_olLR5kZ_1JZm83dRCxWU/s1600/lang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw8jY3dcOcyuoITKV3kkMSM8_0FViwwWBVFHBM3ceZwM3XiWjZI7Ctb7tPppdqUvmjZ7dEY-TdktFkiGhCPjXGzr-wClb6z4Q0LNKeypZHz3Ato9w7PmMKob_olLR5kZ_1JZm83dRCxWU/s1600/lang.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fig 5: Productivity Era (Image Reference: www.eworldgeeks.com)</span></i> </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">From late 90's and 2000, the "Era of Productivity" began. Programming languages started turning out to be specific to every domain. Each domain demanded a constraint and to fulfill came a new set of language. Application size and complexity increased over time and started with various classifications like web, system, software, application, scripting etc.<br /><br />It started with optimizing one problem with specific language and today we are confused on which one to pick to solve the problem. A <b>Web language</b> is used for creating and editing web pages (HTML, XML, JavaScript) and <b>Software languages</b> for creating executable programs (C, C++, Java). <b>System languages</b> are more concerned with managing a system resources and <b>Application languages</b> for building an application to solve a problem.<br /><br /><b>Scripting languages </b>are used for wiring together systems and applications at a very high level. They are almost always extremely expressive (they do a lot with very little code) and usually dynamic (the compiler does little, the run-time system does almost everything). </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">There hasn't remained today any major classifying criteria for the existing languages to put under a category.<br /><br />Well, what I can say is, its all a <b>"HYBRID".</b></span></div>
</div>
Prakash Hegadehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03950694602109862972noreply@blogger.com7Hyderabad, Telangana, India17.385044 78.48667116.9002155 77.841224 17.8698725 79.132118